Investigating the affect of concentration on the rate of reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid Essay Example

Investigating the affect of concentration on the rate of reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid Essay In this investigation I will be measuring the rate of reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid. The rate of a reaction tells us how quickly a chemical reaction happens. Reaction Rate = change in volume, mass or concentration of substance Time taken There are two ways to measure the rate of a reaction, by observing how quickly the reactants are used up or by observing how quickly the products are formed. Measurements of the rate of reaction can be taken in three main ways: We will write a custom essay sample on Investigating the affect of concentration on the rate of reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Investigating the affect of concentration on the rate of reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Investigating the affect of concentration on the rate of reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer * Measuring the rate of precipitation * Measuring the volume of gas * Measuring the change in mass The results gained from these experiments can be drawn on a graph, which enables the rate of reaction to be worked out. In a chemical reaction atoms are rearranged. In order for a reaction to occur the molecules must collide by coming together. However not all collisions are effective. This is because in gases and liquids, particles are constantly moving causing millions and millions of collisions every second. If there were a reaction every time molecules collided all chemical reactions would only take a few seconds. This is why only a small fraction of the collisions between the particles have an effect. When particles collide head on and are fast moving a reaction occurs. This is because if collisions between particles have enough energy a reaction will occur. In gases, liquids and in solution, the particles move at a range of speeds. Some are moving very slowly and others are moving very fast. To react, particles must collide with enough energy and in the correct orientation for bonds to be broken. This is because for a chemical reaction to take place, some bonds in the reactants must be broken. In a chemical reaction if the activation energy is low many of the collisions will have enough energy so the reaction will be fast whilst if the activation energy is high fewer collisions will have enough energy so the reaction will be slower. The activation energy for a reaction is the minimum energy needed for a reaction to occur. You can show this on an energy profile for the reaction. For a simple exothermic reaction, the energy profile looks like this: When magnesium powder and dilute hydrochloric acid are mixed together a reaction occurs. This reaction is exothermic meaning heat is given off. Magnesium + Hydrochloric Magnesium + Hydrogen + Energy Acid Chloride Mg (s) + 2HCl (aq) MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g) + Energy The rate of this reaction can be changed by varying the conditions in which the reaction occurs. The factors that affect the rate of reaction are: * Surface area * Temperature * Presence of a catalyst * Concentration/pressure if gaseous The surface area of the solid reactants can be changed which has a big effect on the rate of reaction. For example magnesium powder will react faster with hydrochloric acid than magnesium ribbon. This is because although the same mass is used the powder has a larger surface area. This means that more particles are exposed to the acid so there is a greater chance of collisions and the more collisions in a given time the greater the rate of reaction. This is illustrated in the diagram below. If the same mass of magnesium ribbon was used the reaction would be slower because of the smaller surface area. Only the outside of the ribbon is in contact with the acid particles so to begin with only the outside of the ribbon will react. The magnesium particles inside the ribbon can only react when the outside particles have reacted; this is because they do not come in contact with the acid until this point. Therefore as you increase the surface area you increase the rate of reaction. A simple graph of the affect of surface area on the rate of reaction is shown below. An increase in temperature will increase the rate of reaction. The kinetic energy of particles is proportional to the temperature. Particles will have more kinetic energy at higher temperatures. This causes them to move faster which means that the collisions will be more frequent between particles in any moment in time. Also they collide more energetically and therefore there is more chance of collisions with energy equal to or greater than the activation energy and so more collisions will cause a reaction. A graph showing the affect of temperature on the rate of reaction is shown below. Another way to show the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction is to use a Maxwell-Boltzmann curve. A simple curve is shown below. As you increase the temperature the particles will move faster as they will have more energy, however not all the particles in a substance will move at the same speed. As the temperature has been increased there will be more particles with an energy level equal to or greater than the activation energy and therefore more collisions will bring about a reaction. This affect of the increase in temperature on the number of molecules with energy equal to or greater than the activation energy is shown below. A catalyst is a substance which alters the rate of a reaction without itself being used up or changed chemically during the reaction. Most catalysts reduce the activation energy and so increase the rate of reaction. A catalyst provides an alternative path for a reaction with a lower activation energy. This means that there will be more particles with an energy equal to or greater than the activation energy. Therefore there will be more collisions in which the particles react and so the rate of reaction will have increased. Enzymes also have this affect as they are biological catalysts. Two graphs are shown below one showing the affect of a catalyst on the activation energy and on the rate of reaction. Many reactions involve catalysts, some examples are shown below. Reaction Catalyst Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide manganese(IV) oxide, MnO2 Nitration of benzene concentrated sulphuric acid Manufacture of ammonia by the Haber Process iron Conversion of SO2 into SO3 during the Contact Process to make sulphuric acid vanadium(V) oxide, V2O5 Hydrogenation of a C=C double bond nickel Increasing the concentration of a reagent increases the number of particles in a given volume; this increases the rate of reaction. This is due to the fact that there are more reactant particles in solution and therefore collisions will be more frequent so there is more chance of collisions with energy greater than or equal to the activation energy. Collisions are only effective if they have energy equal to or greater than the activation energy. The activation energy is the minimum amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur. This is because in order for particles to react they must collide with enough energy and in the correct orientation for bonds to be broken. This is because for a chemical reaction to take place, some bonds in the reactants must be broken. This is shown in the diagrams below. When a reaction first begins there is a high concentration of reactant particles. There are more collisions between the particles and so the rate of reaction is greatest at the beginning of a reaction. As there are more collisions there will be more collisions with an energy equal to or greater than the activation energy so the rate of reaction will be faster at the beginning of a reaction. However as a reaction continues the concentration of reactant particles decreases as they have already reacted. This causes the rate of reaction to decrease. This is because there will be less collisions so there will be fewer collisions with an energy greater than or equal to the activation energy causing the rate of reaction to decrease and eventually be 0 when the reaction stops. The reaction will finish when either of the reactants have run out. This pattern is shown on the graphs on the following page. The rate of reaction at a particular point can be worked out by drawing a graph of the results. This is done by drawing a tangent at the chosen time as shown in the diagram opposite. The next step is to draw a right-angled triangle from the tangent as shown in the diagram opposite. The gradient of the tangent can be worked out using the following formula, Gradient = opposite Adjacent You can show the decrease in the rate of reaction at the end of a reaction by drawing a tangent at both the beginning and end of the reaction. This will allow you to compare the rate of reaction at the beginning and end of the reaction. Variables The factors that affect the rate of reaction are: * Surface Area * Concentration * Presence of a catalyst * Temperature I will be varying the concentration of the hydrochloric acid. The concentrations I will be using are, 0.8M, 1.0M, 1.2M, 1.4M, 1.6M. Preliminary Work When carrying out preliminary work I used the highest and lowest concentrations available in order to find a suitable mass of magnesium and volume of hydrochloric acid. This enabled me to see if the reaction was going too fast or too slow to be recorded. This helped me in choosing a suitable mass and volume. Using the highest and lowest concentration also allowed me to make sure that all of the concentrations will react at a reasonable rate. Method 1. Measure out 25ml of 0.8M hydrochloric acid using a 25ml measuring cylinder. Pour the acid into a 100ml beaker. 2. Place the boat on the balance and tare the balance. Add 0.2g of magnesium powder using a spatula. 3. Place the beaker with acid and the boat with magnesium on the balance and tare it. 4. Pour the magnesium powder into the beaker of hydrochloric acid and put the empty boat back on the balance. Start the stopwatch at the same time as the magnesium is added. 5. Record the mass loss every 15 seconds and record results in a table. Results Mass of magnesium = 0.2g Concentration of acid = 0.8M Volume of acid = 25ml Time (s) Mass loss (g) 0 0.00 15 0.08 30 0.14 45 0.17 60 0.21 75 0.23 90 0.25 105 0.27 120 0.29 135 0.30 150 0.31 165 0.33 180 0.33 I have used magnesium powder not magnesium ribbon because the magnesium powder has a greater surface area which will mean that less magnesium will need to be used in order for it to react at a reasonable rate. After looking at the results for the 0.8M acid with 0.2g of magnesium and 25ml of acid I have found that the reaction was too fast too record. I reduced the mass to 0.1g to see if this was a suitable mass. This should reduce the rate of reaction as there are less reactant particles so less collisions. Method 1. Measure out 25ml of 0.8M hydrochloric acid using a 25ml measuring cylinder. Pour the acid into a 100ml beaker. 2. Place the boat on the balance and tare the balance. Add 0.1g of magnesium powder using a spatula. 3. Place the beaker with acid and the boat with magnesium on the balance and tare it. 4. Pour the magnesium powder into the beaker of hydrochloric acid and put the empty boat back on the balance. Start the stopwatch at the same time as the magnesium is added. 5. Record the mass loss every 15 seconds and record the results in a table. Results Mass of magnesium = 0.1g Concentration of acid = 0.8M Volume of acid = 25ml Time (s) Mass loss (g) 0 0.00 15 0.07 30 0.10 45 0.11 60 0.14 75 0.15 90 0.16 105 0.16 120 0.17 135 0.17 150 0.17 165 0.17 180 0.17 The results of this experiment show that the reaction is still quite fast. To solve this problem I have reduced the volume of acid to 15ml as this will reduce the rate of reaction as there are less reactant particles so less collisions. I also decided to record the mass loss every 5 seconds not 15 seconds and this will make my results more accurate and will allow me to plot a better graph. Method 1. Measure out 15ml of 0.8M hydrochloric acid using a 25ml measuring cylinder. Pour the acid into a 100ml beaker. 2. Place the boat on the balance and tare the balance. Add 0.1g of magnesium powder using a spatula. 3. Place the beaker with acid and the boat with magnesium on the balance and tare it. 4. Pour the magnesium powder into the beaker of hydrochloric acid and put the empty boat back on the balance. Start the stopwatch at the same time as the magnesium is added. 5. Record the mass loss every 5 seconds and record the results in a table. Results Mass of magnesium = 0.1g Concentration of acid = 0.8M Volume of acid = 15ml Time (s) Mass loss (g) 0 0.00 5 0.05 10 0.10 15 0.10 20 0.11 25 0.12 30 0.13 35 0.14 40 0.15 45 0.16 50 0.17 55 0.17 60 0.18 65 0.18 70 0.20 75 0.20 80 0.21 85 0.21 90 0.22 95 0.23 100 0.23 105 0.23 110 0.23 115 0.23 120 0.23 This reaction seemed to work well so I have repeated the experiment using acid of concentration 1.6M. I have done this in order to check that the mass and volumes chosen are suitable for all the concentrations. I need to ensure that the reaction will not be too fast or too slow to record. Results Mass of magnesium = 0.1g Concentration of acid = 1.6M Volume of acid = 15ml Time (s) Mass loss (g) 0 0.00 5 0.19 10 0.20 15 0.23 20 0.24 25 0.26 30 0.27 35 0.28 40 0.29 45 0.30 50 0.30 55 0.30 60 0.30 65 0.30 70 0.30 75 0.30 These results show that the volume of acid and mass of magnesium are suitable as both the highest and lowest concentrations will react and neither reacts too quickly or too slowly. I have decided to use 0.1g of magnesium powder and 15ml of hydrochloric acid. I will be recording the mass loss every 5 seconds. Fair Test The test will be fair because I will only be changing the concentration of hydrochloric acid. I will use: * The same volume of acid * The same mass of magnesium * The same temperature of acid (room temperature) * The same surface area of magnesium * No catalyst * The same sized beaker Prediction I predict that as the concentration increases the rate of reaction will increase. This is because the more concentrated the acid is the more particles there are in a particular volume. As there is a greater number of particles there will be more frequent collisions so there is more likely to be a collision between particles that have energy equal to or greater than the activation energy. A graph showing the activation energy is shown below. In order for the particles to react they must have energy equal to or greater than the activation energy. They must collide with enough energy and in the correct orientation in order for a reaction to occur. A higher concentration of acid will cause the reaction to be faster because there will be more collisions that cause a reaction. This is shown in the diagrams below. As there are more particles there will be more productive collisions. Safety When carrying out the experiment I need to wear safety spectacles and make sure that no equipment is near the edge of the table. Hydrochloric acid is corrosive and causes burns so I must wear eye protection. Hydrochloric acid is also dangerous with magnesium so I need to make sure I only use low concentrations of acid and a small volume of acid. Powdered magnesium is dangerous with acid because of the large surface area so I will use a small mass of magnesium. The gas produced in the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid is hydrogen, which is a highly flammable gas. Therefore I must only use small quantities of magnesium and hydrochloric acid so ensure that less hydrogen is released. Apparatus 1 x boat 1 x spatula 1 x balance 1 x 25ml measuring cylinder 1 x beaker (100ml) 1 x stop watch Magnesium Powder Hydrochloric Acid of concentration 0.8M, 1.0M, 1.2M, 1.4M, 1.6M Method 1. Set up apparatus as shown in the diagram opposite 2. Measure out 15ml of 0.8M hydrochloric acid using a 25ml measuring cylinder. Pour the acid into a 100ml beaker. 3. Place the boat on the balance and tare the balance. Add 0.1g of magnesium powder using a spatula. 4. Place the beaker with acid and the boat with magnesium on the balance and tare it. 5. Pour the magnesium powder into the beaker of hydrochloric acid and put the empty boat back on the balance. Start the stopwatch at the same time as the magnesium is added. 6. Record the mass loss every 5 seconds and record the results in a table. 7. Repeat steps 1 to 6 with concentrations 1.0M, 1.2M, 1.4M and 1.6M 8. Repeat steps 1 to 7 twice more to make results more reliable and find the average mass loss at each time for each concentration. Mass loss (g) Time (s) Try 1 Try 2 Try 3 Average 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.04 10 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 15 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 20 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 25 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.09 30 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 35 0.11 0.10 0.11 0.11 40 0.12 0.11 0.12 0.12 45 0.12 0.11 0.13 0.12 50 0.13 0.12 0.14 0.13 55 0.13 0.12 0.14 0.13 60 0.14 0.13 0.14 0.14 65 0.14 0.13 0.15 0.14 70 0.15 0.13 0.16 0.15 75 0.15 0.13 0.16 0.15 80 0.15 0.13 0.16 0.15 85 0.15 0.14 0.17 0.15 90 0.15 0.14 0.18 0.16 95 0.15 0.14 0.18 0.16 100 0.15 0.15 0.18 0.16 105 0.15 0.15 0.18 0.16 110 0.15 0.15 0.18 0.16 115 0.15 0.15 0.18 0.16 120 0.15 0.15 0.18 0.16 125 0.15 0.15 0.18 0.16 130 0.15 0.15 0.18 0.16 135 0.15 0.15 0.18 0.16 140 0.15 0.15 0.18 0.16 Results for 0.8M Mass loss (g) Time (s) Try 1 Try 2 Try 3 Average 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.05 10 0.09 0.07 0.08 0.08 15 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.10 20 0.11 0.10 0.11 0.11 25 0.13 0.10 0.13 0.12 30 0.14 0.12 0.14 0.13 35 0.14 0.12 0.14 0.13 40 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.14 45 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.14 50 0.16 0.14 0.15 0.15 55 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.15 60 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 65 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 70 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.16 75 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 80 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 85 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 90 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 95 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 100 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 105 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 110 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 115 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 120 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 125 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 130 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 135 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 140 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 Results for 1.0M Mass loss (g) Time (s) Try 1 Try 2 Try 3 Average 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5 0.08 0.08 0.05 0.07 10 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.10 15 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.12 20 0.12 0.14 0.13 0.13 25 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.13 30 0.13 0.15 0.14 0.14 35 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.15 40 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 45 0.15 0.16 0.15 0.15 50 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 55 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 60 0.16 0.17 0.16 0.16 65 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 70 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 75 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 80 0.17 0.18 0.17 0.17 85 0.17 0.18 0.17 0.17 90 0.17 0.18 0.17 0.17 95 0.17 0.18 0.17 0.17 100 0.17 0.18 0.17 0.17 105 0.17 0.18 0.17 0.17 110 0.17 0.18 0.17 0.17 115 0.17 0.18 0.17 0.17 120 0.17 0.18 0.17 0.17 125 0.17 0.18 0.17 0.17 130 0.17 0.18 0.17 0.17 135 0.17 0.18 0.17 0.17 140 0.17 0.18 0.17 0.17 Results for 1.2M Mass loss (g) Time (s) Try 1 Try 2 Try 3 Average 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5 0.11 0.08 0.09 0.09 10 0.12 0.10 0.11 0.11 15 0.13 0.11 0.14 0.13 20 0.14 0.12 0.15 0.14 25 0.15 0.13 0.15 0.14 30 0.15 0.13 0.16 0.15 35 0.15 0.14 0.16 0.15 40 0.16 0.15 0.16 0.16 45 0.16 0.15 0.17 0.16 50 0.17 0.16 0.17 0.17 55 0.17 0.16 0.17 0.17 60 0.18 0.17 0.18 0.18 65 0.18 0.17 0.18 0.18 70 0.18 0.17 0.18 0.18 75 0.18 0.17 0.18 0.18 80 0.18 0.17 0.18 0.18 85 0.18 0.17 0.18 0.18 90 0.18 0.17 0.18 0.18 95 0.18 0.17 0.18 0.18 100 0.18 0.17 0.18 0.18 105 0.18 0.17 0.18 0.18 110 0.18 0.17 0.18 0.18 115 0.18 0.17 0.18 0.18 120 0.18 0.17 0.18 0.18 125 0.18 0.17 0.18 0.18 130 0.18 0.17 0.18 0.18 135 0.18 0.17 0.18 0.18 140 0.18 0.17 0.18 0.18 Results for 1.4M Mass loss (g) Time (s) Try 1 Try 2 Try 3 Average 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5 0.12 0.11 0.13 0.12 10 0.13 0.12 0.14 0.13 15 0.15 0.13 0.15 0.14 20 0.16 0.14 0.16 0.15 25 0.16 0.14 0.16 0.15 30 0.17 0.15 0.16 0.16 35 0.17 0.15 0.17 0.16 40 0.18 0.15 0.17 0.17 45 0.18 0.16 0.18 0.17 50 0.18 0.17 0.18 0.18 55 0.18 0.17 0.18 0.18 60 0.18 0.17 0.19 0.18 65 0.18 0.17 0.19 0.18 70 0.18 0.17 0.19 0.18 75 0.18 0.17 0.19 0.18 80 0.18 0.17 0.19 0.18 85 0.18 0.17 0.19 0.18 90 0.18 0.17 0.19 0.18 95 0.18 0.17 0.19 0.18 100 0.18 0.17 0.19 0.18 105 0.18 0.17 0.19 0.18 110 0.18 0.17 0.19 0.18 115 0.18 0.17 0.19 0.18 120 0.18 0.17 0.19 0.18 125 0.18 0.17 0.19 0.18 130 0.18 0.17 0.19 0.18 135 0.18 0.17 0.19 0.18 140 0.18 0.17 0.19 0.18 Results for 1.6M Conclusion The results tables show that when using the 0.8M acid after 10 seconds the average mass loss was 0.06g. After 100 seconds there was an average mass loss of 0.16g. When using the 1.0M acid after 10 seconds the average mass loss was 0.08g. After 100 seconds there was an average mass loss of 0.17g. When using the 1.2M acid after 10 seconds the average mass loss was 0.10g. After 100 seconds there was an average mass loss of 0.17g. When using the 1.4M acid after 10 seconds the average mass loss was 0.11g. After 100 seconds there was an average mass loss of 0.18g. When using the 1.6M acid after 10 seconds the average mass loss was 0.13g. After 100 seconds there was an average mass loss of 0.18g. I have drawn a graph of the results showing the mass loss against time for 0.8M, 1.0M, 1.2M, 1.4M, 1.6M acid. I have plotted the points and drawn a line of best fit for each concentration. This has allowed me to work out the rate of reaction at certain times by finding the gradient of the line at this point. The equation I have used for this is: Gradient = opposite Adjacent I have found that when using the 0.8M acid at 5 seconds the rate of reaction was 0.0054gs-1. When using 1.0M acid at 5 seconds the rate of reaction was 0.0067gs-1. When using 1.2M acid at 5 seconds the rate of reaction was 0.0085gs-1. When using 1.4M acid at 5 seconds the rate of reaction was 0.0092gs-1. When using 1.6M acid at 5 seconds the rate of reaction was 0.0100gs-1. My results show that the rate of reaction increases as the concentration increases. The higher the concentration the faster the mass loss in grams. My graph shows this because it took 28 seconds for 0.10g to be lost when using hydrochloric acid of concentration 0.8M. It took 16.5 seconds for 0.10g to be lost when using hydrochloric acid of concentration 1.0 M. It took 9.5 seconds for 0.10g to be lost when using hydrochloric acid of concentration 1.2M. It took 6.5 seconds for 0.10g to be lost when using hydrochloric acid of concentration 1.4M. It took 2.5 seconds for 0.10g to be lost when using hydrochloric acid of concentration 1.6M. This clearly shows that the higher the concentration the faster the rate of reaction. I have used the graphs drawn to work out the average rate of reaction of each concentration. I have worked this out using the following formula: Average rate of = total mass loss Reaction time I have taken the time as the time it took each reaction to reach the total mass loss. The average rate of reaction of 0.8M acid was 0.0017gs-1 The average rate for 1.0M acid was 0.0021gs-1, The average rate for 1.2M acid was 0.0024gs-1, The average rate for 1.4M acid was 0.0026gs-1 The average rate for 1.6M acid was 0.0030 gs-1. The graphs that I have drawn are curves and clearly show that the rate of reaction is faster at the start of the reaction than at the end. The change in the gradient of the curve shows this. I have worked out the rate of reaction at 5 seconds for the 0.8M acid and found the rate to be 0.0054gs-1. The rate of reaction at 80 seconds for the 0.8M acid was 0.0007gs-1. This shows the decrease in rate as the reaction proceeds. This is because when a reaction first begins there is a high concentration of reactant particles. There are more collisions between the particles and so the rate of reaction is greatest at the beginning of a reaction. As there are more collisions there will be more collisions with energy equal to or greater than the activation energy so the rate of reaction will be faster at the beginning of a reaction. However as a reaction continues the concentration of reactant particles decreases as they have already reacted. This causes the rate of reaction to decrease. This is because there will be less collisions so there will be fewer collisions with an energy greater than or equal to the activation energy causing the rate of reaction to decrease and eventually be 0 when the reaction stops. The reaction will finish when either of the reactants have run out. This pattern is shown on the graphs below. The rate of reaction increases as concentration increases because a higher concentration contains more particles in a given volume. This is shown in the diagram below. This is due to the fact that there are more reactant particles in solution and therefore collisions will be more frequent. This means that there is more chance of collisions with energy greater than or equal to the activation energy. Collisions are only effective if they have energy equal to or greater than the activation energy. The activation energy is the minimum amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur. This is because in order for particles to react they must collide with enough energy and in the correct orientation for bonds to be broken. This is because for a chemical reaction to take place, some bonds in the reactants must be broken. The equation for this reaction is: Magnesium + Hydrochloric Magnesium + Hydrogen + Energy Acid Chloride Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2 (g) + energy My conclusion agrees with my prediction because I predicted that as the concentration is increased the rate of reaction also increased so the waste gas, hydrogen will be given off faster at a high concentration than at a low concentration. This is what my results proved to be correct meaning that my prediction was correct. Evaluation I used the same conditions for each individual experiment. I used the same volume of hydrochloric acid in each experiment. I also kept the mass of magnesium the same and used the same sized beaker in each experiment. I carried out each experiment 3 times in order to gain more reliable results. However I do not think that my results were that accurate. This is because I used magnesium powder, which meant that the surface area was not constant. Although the mass was the same I did not check that the surface area was exactly the same as this would have been extremely difficult to do. Another problem was keeping the temperature constant. The solution was not heated however the temperature of the room would not have been constant. This is because he experiment was carried out over a number of different days meaning that the temperature would not be exactly the same. Another variation in the temperature was caused by the fact that the reaction is exothermic. The magnesium was weighed out i n a boat however it was difficult to get all the magnesium out of the boat and into the beaker of hydrochloric acid. This would have caused a slight variation in mass of magnesium in each experiment, which would have affected the rate of reaction. Also the balance used only recorded the change in mass loss to 2 decimal places. This caused the value on the balance to fluctuate greatly, which made it difficult to record the mass loss. I do not think that my results are that accurate because even allowing for experimental error when I repeated the results some of the readings were not the same. This is shown on my graphs as I have some points on my graphs that do not quite fit which shows that not all my readings were accurate. I think that this is mainly due to the fact that the balance was only to 2 decimal places as it meant that the same reading appeared many times before the value rose. Also I rounded the averages to 2 decimal places because the readings I took were only to 2 decimal places. This has caused some of the reactions to have the same total mass loss, however this is not accurate as if the results were all to 3 decimal places the total mass loss would alter slightly. Recording the results to 3 decimal places would have improved the shape of my graphs and there would be fewer points that did not fit. Although the results of each experiment are not exactly the same none were sufficiently different to be considered anomalous. Had there been any anomalous results I would have left them out of the average to try and maintain the accuracy of the results. The experiments for each of the different concentrations did not have the same total mass loss however I have carried out a calculation as shown below which shows that the mass of hydrogen should be the same in each experiment. Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2 (g) Number of Moles of Mg = mass Mr = 0.1 24 = 0.00417 moles Mg:H2 1:1 0.00417:0.00417 Number of moles of H2 = 0.00417 moles Mass of H2 = number of moles x Ar = 0.00417 x 2 = 0.00834g This shows that during the reaction 0.00834g of hydrogen should be formed. To ensure that this mass is constant for all the concentrations used I have done another calculation as shown below. Mg:HCl 1:2 0.00417:0.00834 This tells me that if there are at least 0.00834 moles of hydrochloric acid then 0.0041g of hydrogen will be formed. Number of moles of 0.8M HCl = Concentration x volume 1000 = 0.8 x 15 1000 = 0.012moles This calculation shows that when using the lowest concentration of HCl (0.8M) there are a sufficient number of moles in order for 0.00834g of hydrogen to be formed. This indicates that for each concentration the total mass loss should be 0.00834g. However the lowest total mass loss recorded was 0.16g which is much too large. This shows inaccuracies in the method. I think that there was a greater mass loss than expected because during the reaction there would have been spray causing some of the solution to be lost. This would have caused a greater mass loss and would also explain why each concentration did not have the same total mass loss. When using the 1.6M acid the reaction was more vigorous than that of the 0.8M acid. Therefore more acid would have been lost due to spray with the 1.6M acid causing a greater total mass loss. If I were to repeat this investigation I would not use the same equipment, as there were many inaccuracies. To try and stop the variation of surface area magnesium ribbon could be used. However this would mean than more magnesium would be needed in order for a reaction to take place because magnesium ribbon has a smaller surface area than magnesium powder. Also to stop the variation in temperature a water bath could be used. This would allow me to carry out the experiment at a set temperature. I would also use a balance that records the change in mass to 3 decimal places. I think that this is necessary because the change in mass was not that large due to the fact that the gas given off was hydrogen. Hydrogen is very light causing the mass loss to be small. Using a balance to 3 decimal places would record the loss in mass more accurately. I could also have hooked the balance up to a computer causing the results to be recorded electronically. This would make the results much more accurate. I used a measuring cylinder to measure the 15ml of hydrochloric acid, this was because there was not a 15ml pipette available. However using a pipette and pipette filler would have been a more accurate way of measuring the acid. I think that I have sufficient evidence so support my conclusions however the results could be made more accurate by using a larger range of concentrations or recording the change in mass at a greater number of intervals. This would make the line of best fit more accurate. I could also try to take more readings at the start of the reaction, as this is when the rate of reaction is fastest. This would also make the graph easier to plot. I could also repeat each experiment a greater number of times in order to make my results more reliable. I could extend the experiment by changing the product collected. This could be done by using marble chips instead of magnesium causing carbon dioxide to be collected. This would also make the change in mass easier to record because carbon dioxide gas has a Mr value of 44 whereas hydrogen has a Mr value of 2. I could also investigate other factors that affect the rate of a reaction such as surface area and mass of magnesium, volume of acid and tempera ture to see if I get similar results.

Ethics and Leadership in the Medical Device Industry †Ethics Essay

Ethics and Leadership in the Medical Device Industry – Ethics Essay Free Online Research Papers Ethics and Leadership in the Medical Device Industry Introduction Ethics Essay Medical research is necessary to develop and discover innovative therapies and cures. Ideas quickly move from basic science studies in the lab into experiments with animals and finally to trials with humans. Government policies along with internal institutional processes have been developed to ensure the ethical, responsible conduct of research. These policies were created to ensure that human subjects were shielded from unnecessary risk. In recent years, ethical questions have emerged in these areas. A governing principle is that research must be performed without any financial conflict of interest. Is it possible to exclude money from the research field? Is there a correlation between physicians and research companies and where in this field is there a role for vendors promoting products? Should doctors be banned from accepting any forms of payment from medical research companies? The objective of this literature review is to present an overview of literature related to the relationships of physicians, medical research companies and the United States government. After reading this review, the reader may wonder if physicians and leaders in the medical device industry are compromising the health of the public and if so, at what cost? Discussion of Literature Sanders, Kleim, Sklar (1996) state that the goal of medical research is to serve the public through improvements in diagnosis and treatment and to protect the public from unnecessary risk. The health of patients should not be compromised by the profit of companies. Charles Epps (2003) adds that the medical research community, which includes experts in science and technology, physicians and health workers and public policy makers, must strive to find a balance between patient safety and innovation. Daniel Rosenberg (2005) tells of the desire to make a profit cannot surpass the needs of the humans the products were made to enhance. In many companies quandaries about questionable situations now can be taken to ethics officers. Edward Lim (1999) argues in the defense of Ethics programs that came into vogue in the 1980’s. These programs were in response to well-publicized procurement fraud in the defense industry. In 1991, The United States established federal sentencing guidelines for organizations involved in the medical research industry. Charles Epps (2003) discusses the measures put in place by the government to punish those companies whose employees were engaged in wrongdoing. An organization can be fined up to $290 million and individuals can be imprisoned for their actions. John Lenzer (2004) states in his findings that company executives can also be charged if they were aware of fraud or negligent acts. On the other hand, fines can be reduced up to sixty percent if the company instituted an effective ethics program prior to the offense. Martha Lagace and Glenn Reicin (2003) point out the enormous difference between having a written code of ethics and running a fully functional ethics and compliance program in an organization. The federal guidelines have an expectation that every organization have a serious, ethics and compliance program. Advamed (2001) affirms that an ethics program should have these three parts. An ethics officer who has authority, a written code of conduct and an employee training program. In a further study of the Advamed program, Daniel Rosenberg (2005) states that nearly one-third of businesses in the United States operate ethics and compliance programs that meet these requirements, including medical device manufacturers Zimmer, DePuy, Biomet and Medtronic. There are many areas a solid ethics program must cover. These include: acts of dishonesty, sexual harassment, discrimination, and environmental policies. Businesses may want to seek guidance in developing an effective program from the Ethics Officer Association in Belmont, MA. The biggest growth in developing ethics and compliance programs is in the health-care sector, says Amanda Mujica, director of communications for the organization. â€Å"Good ethics is good business,† says Blair Childs, executive vice president of AdvaMed (2005). To further quote Mr. Childs, â€Å"It is not only good business for industry in terms of how it is viewed by the public, but also because it is the way responsible companies behave and want to behave.† Arthur Ciarkowski (2002) argues that ethics programs are increasingly values-based rather than simply adhering to the letter of the law. â€Å"Ethics officers teach employees not only whats legal, but whats right. Most of us know the difference between wrong and right, but some situations arent quite so clear-cut. For example, if an engineer is visiting a client who offers to let him inspect the design of a competitors device, is it ethical for the engineer to do so? In a study preformed by Aronoff and Associates (2002) Creating and implementing an ethics program can be costly. It can range from about $250,000 to over $1 million depending on the number of employees who will be trained. Can a business really afford not to have a program in place? Compare running a business to owning a house. An individual wouldnt, or at least shouldnt, own a house without having fire insurance. â€Å"A mature ethics and compliance program is your insurance in case one of your employees or leaders should spark trouble. Ethical decisions of leaders and physicians: I think most companies, as they think through their codes of conduct, have to make sure that marketing and research development departments are not providing direct sales inducements. Arthur Sanders, Samuel Keim and David Sklar, (1996) presented the following (true) cases during a symposium to the Biomedical Industry. Do these sound like examples of medical research or kickbacks? In case one, a doctor performs an orthopedic implant. The implant manufacturer asks the doctor to fill out a questionnaire six months later in order to monitor how the patient is doing. The manufacturer says it wants to learn about implant performance and patient mobility. In return, the doctor will get a check in the mail for $1,000. The amount of time necessary to fill out the questionnaire was fifteen minutes. In case two, a doctor gets paid more than $1 million annually to supervise other physicians on how to perform minimally invasive hip surgery. The surgery he proctors only uses one company’s implants. In case three, an orthopedics medical practice wants to expand in order to conduct research. It wants to hire a researcher so it establishes a non-profit foundation to fund a research fellowship. A medical devices company sponsors the fellowship; the researcher uses only the products supplied by one medical device company. Stacy Bell (1998) notes that medical device companies offer cash, vacation and incentive-driven surgeries to entice physicians to use their products exclusively. When a physician or group of physicians are loyal to one brand, the company can feel confident that this will lead to an increase in sales from that individual doctor over time. Financial Rewards Daniel Rosenberg (2005) discusses a shifting of funds from the pharmacy sector to medical devices is evident. Just a few years ago, there was a trillion dollars in market capitalization in the domestic pharmacy sector and only $300 million or so in the medical device sector. More recently, however, investors have been concluding that the drug business is riskier than the franchise model of medical devices because drug patents eventually expire. In comparison, medical devices have very quick product cycles, generally twelve to eighteen months, but device companies develop lasting relationships with their customers and create sustainable franchises that allow growth within an existing customer base. During a panel forum at the Medical Leadership Forum, (2002) A discussion revolved around the great advances in medical technology. The most promising advances include drug-eluting stents for heart care, minimally invasive hip replacement and, for chronic and degenerative back problems, artificial carbon fiber disks will soon be ‘Food and Drug Administration† (FDA) approved, but the relative returns of medical devices still show room for marginal improvement. During the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons meeting (2004) Theâ€Å"only† message from many leaders of device companies is that medical devices are expected to continue to show improving financial returns. The company leaders never mentioned the dramatic effect an implant may have of a life, the message delivered was detailed, but only with expected profits. John Lenzer (2004) questions the percentage of profits that are set aside for every new implant that is brought to market, for law suits. Raymond Holgram (2002) comments that with Daniel Troy, chief counsel to the US Food and Drug Administration, being under fire for inviting device companies to inform him of lawsuits against them so the FDA could help, is â€Å"An abuse of power and lack of ethical leadership from our government, can only raise questions of the influence the device industry has within government†. When a device company is ready to submit a device for review, the process is called a 510k submission, these guidelines are set forth by the American Society Testing and Materials (2001) The FDA accepts all the implant device submissions in the order of submission and a delay of a few weeks can mean a loss of millions in sales. The first rendition of an implant that meets minimum FDA requirements is submitted as soon as possible for approval. Human trials are a part of each submission. While the data is examined by the FDA, the submitting company continues to make changes on the submitted product. These changes are allowed as long as they again, meet the minimum requirements. Is it ethical for companies to change a product they implanted in trials and not notify the patient? If minimum guidelines were met and because all implant devices carry the tag of â€Å"experimental† patients are not automatically notified of implant failures. The decision to submit a product for approval is purely profit driven and made by the company leaders. The Major customer of the Device Manufactures: Martha Lagace Glenn Reicin, (2003) discuss the medical device industry, where the customer is not the patient. In fact, the patient often has no idea and no choice of the manufacturer of the device their physician uses or the costs associated. The customers for the device companies are the hospital administrator, doctor, and/or nurse. Medical devices vary from inexpensive to costly, but there are questionable ethical dilemmas associated with both. At the low end, there are needles and syringes, known in the business as â€Å"sharps†. This is a $2.25 billion market with extremely low share volatility. The average selling price of a device (sharp) is twenty to forty cents. The customer is the hospital administrator. The secondary customer is the nurse. If some training is necessary to learn how to use the product, the device companies pay for the hospital training program. The products are stocked in hospital inventory, so there is no need for the sales representative to be present when the product is used, in contrast to orthopedic implants. Lagace Reicin, (2003) continue this discussion stating that one of the most expensive items is the orthopedic implant. They account for over $11 billion in sales, but less than six percent of this amount is spent on research and development. The customer is the orthopedic surgeon; the secondary customer is the surgical team. Hospitals do not keep inventory of orthopedic implants, since there is a left and a right of every product. The sales representative who essentially â€Å"lends† them to the hospital usually owns the instruments used to put in an implant. A companys sales support is involved in every implantation. Since the sales representative and the orthopedic surgeon must be in communication about the products, are all conversations limited to the medical needs of the patient? Industry Leadership In describing transformational leadership, Steven Covey (1990) uses words such as developer, mentor, value clarifier, and exemplar. These leaders cultivate collaborative relationships based on mutual interests (win-win). Because Covey believes transformational leadership builds on the human need for meaning, he also uses words like purpose, values, love, morals, ethics, mission, and principles to further clarify this type of leadership. Finally, Covey says that becoming a transformational leader requires vision, initiative, patience, respect, persistence, courage, and faith. Traits needed to guide the medical device industry. Keshavan Nair (1994) points out that there is a need for moral leaders in all areas of the culture; there is a widely held view that leaders, especially those in business and politics, have lost their moral purpose and sense of idealism. Wilhelm Roepke (1995) makes the case that the most pressing need in society today is the need for moral leadership. Paul King (1997) adds that although many hope for moral leadership, unfortunately, there are too many examples of leaders who appear to pursue objectives that are not moral. Conclusion During the past decade, there has been a gradual erosion of the ethical principles that guide relationships between physicians and industry leaders. Two areas in which the decline has been most notable are gifts to physicians and the relationships of industry to educational and research activities. The gifts have become more valuable and industry representatives make gifts available under circumstances where frequently there is no educational program. Research support continues at a high level but researchers increasingly find themselves in positions that present conflicts of interest with the interests of patients who are research subjects. These changes have taken place during an era in which professionalism also has declined and physicians are losing control of their practices to government and to the corporate sector. Physicians and industry suggest a solution to this dilemma through strict adherence to the existing ethical principles. Physicians must renew observance of professionalism and improve oversight and discipline. Medicine cannot impose restrictions on the implant manufacturing industries but can appeal to industrys leadership. Industry leaders must also govern marketing and sales representatives of industry. There must be an ethical common ground if a new physician and industry relationship is to succeed in producing a climate of mutual respect and higher ethics; patients will benefit and physicians and industry will regain the public trust. In response to ethics violations, policy makers and politicians have crafted new laws and regulations. While some changes in regulations are appropriate and necessary, they do not address the core issues. It is impossible to legislate integrity, stewardship, and sound governance. New laws and regulations, alone will not correct the multiplicity of problems. Somewhere along the way have companies lost sight of the importance of selecting ethical leaders that create healthy corporations for the long-term? Were the lessons of building great companies like Medtronic, Zimmer, Johnson Johnson, and PG lost in the rush for raising stock prices short-term? Were those fortunate enough to lead great companies only the stewards of inherited legacies from past leaders? If companies continue to use an aggressive sales force to market their product, without paying attention to the ethical consequences, ethical problems will continue to rise to the surface. Should the sales force of the medical implants industry be held to a higher standard than a sales force of other industries? Are the sales force marketing a product or marketing something that could profusely affect humans? The lessons are evident. If we select people principally for their charisma and their ability to drive up their short-term stock price instead of their character, and shower them with inordinate rewards, why should we be surprised when they turn out to lack integrity? An ethical and moral person leads by example and by voicing opinions. It means not being afraid to take a stand on questions of ethics or morality, on questions of behavior, or questions of decency. Bibliography AdvaMed (2001). Code of Ethics in the device industry. American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons Forum (2004). Physician Review of the most Promising Products for 2005. Aronoff Associates (2002). Biomaterial supply for permanent medical implants. 16, 124-140. American Society for Testing and Materials. (2001). committee F-04 Standards and Guidelines for 510k submission. Bell, Stacy (1998). Higher Profit Margins, Do Ethics Programs Pay? Medical Device Diagnostic Industry Magazine. 5, 177-186. Benkeser, Paul. (2005). Challenges and Opportunities in Ethics in Biomedical Engineering, Engineering Today, 27, 1-8 Brennan, MG. and M.A. Tooley. (2000). Ethics and the Biomedical Engineer Engineering Science Journal. 9, 5-7. Briskin, A. (1996). The stirring of the soul in the workplace. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Caudron, Shari. (2002). Where have all the Leaders Gone? Workforce Management. Covey, S.R. (1990). Principle–Centered Leadership. New York: Simon Schuster. Ciarkowski, Arthur, PhD. (2002). What Information Can/Should the Federal Government Provide? Industry News, 42, 7-12. Epps, Charles, MD. (2003). Ethical Guidelines for Orthopaedists and Industry. Clinical Orthopaedics Journal. 217, 33-37. Food and Drug Administration (2002). Guidelines for 510k submission. Gaudiani, C.L. (1997). Catalyzing community. Educational Record, 78 (3-4), 81-86. Holgram, Raymond. (2002). Is the FDA for Sale? Harvard Business Journal. King, P.M. (1997). Character and civic education: What does it take? Educational Record, 78 (3-4), 87-93 Lagace, Martha Reicin, Glenn. (2003). Ethics and Medical Devices. Harvard Business School. Lenzer, J. (2004) FDA accused of being to close to the device industry. Biomechanics Journal. 417, 22-25 Lim, Edward, MD. (1999). The Orthopedic Surgeon and the Manufacturing Industry Relationship. Clinical Orthopedics Journal. 301, 4-10 Lussier, Robert N., and Achua, Christopher F. (2004) Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 2nd edition (2004). Cincinnati, Ohio. Southwestern College Publishing. P 130 Farahmand, Robert. (2004). Good ethics is good business. Medical Device Link, 8, 17-19. Medical Leadership Forum (2002). Stanford University. Nair, K. (1994). A higher standard of leadership. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler. Ropke, W.J. (1995). Morality as a yardstick of educational leadership. Journalism and Mass Communication Educator, 50(2), 71-76 Rosenberg, Daniel (2005). As Investments, Medical Devices Pose Challenges. Harvard Business Review. Sanders, Arthur B., MD, Keim Samuel M., MD, Sklar David, MD. (1996). Gifts to Physicians from the Biomedical Industry. Orthopaedic Medical Journal. 279, 9-12 Research Papers on Ethics and Leadership in the Medical Device Industry - Ethics EssayArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Genetic EngineeringInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesTwilight of the UAWResearch Process Part OneOpen Architechture a white paperThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UsePETSTEL analysis of IndiaDefinition of Export QuotasAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into Asia

I Dont Want to Do My Essay! What Should I Do

I Dont Want to Do My Essay! What Should I Do I Dont Want to Do My Essay! What Should I Do? Quite often there are certain challenges that people face in life and at every level of it. Students are always affected in one way or another. This is seen when assignments are given of different kinds and most probably those that involve writing and research. The essay is the most convenient way to impart certain skills into students, skills that they will use later in life. However many students dread writing the essay and other papers based on it. There are several types of essays that students are always required to write within their learning period. These essays have different levels of difficulty and needs, and students are supposed to see that these are met in all ways. But since most of the students do not have the capacity to achieve these, they have to seek help from other sources. It is by this that academic help centers and agencies were established to help students go about their academic chores. Students are humans and thus possess different strengths and weaknesses. This means that students experience these difficulties in writing at different stages of the process. For instance writing essays has different steps involved but tend to differ from one essay type to the next. Whereas some students might get stuck at the topic some get stuck at the research and then writing the entire essay. But with the dawn of essay help sites, students have the choice or rather the privilege of choosing whether to get help or not. These academic solutions centers specialize in different types of essays or academic works or sometimes offer a range of these. It is the thus the duty of the student to choose where to get the help from. Students have diverse problems and thus to solve all of their problems completely a different approach is required. This saw the academic solutions come up with the concept of custom services where every student is assisted individually. Student thus make requests or in some cases orders to these centers and they get their papers done for them at a cost. Many students have testified to the efficacy and proficiency of these sites and agencies. This is because most of these agencies have highly skilled and experienced writers with vast knowledge in different areas of writing and the academic scope. Academic writing sites are growing as there are more and more students who subscribe to the services. The competition in the academic word has forced all students to seek professional help at all levels. In conclusion, there are times when students get helpless and the only way to get out of the situation is to get professional help from recognized essay writing centers. Are you worried about: Who can do my essay for me? Just try our custom essay writing service which works with professional academic writers only.

Google Marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Google Marketing - Case Study Example The company of Google focuses on the user thus ensuring that the quality of advertising is useful to the consumer just as much as it is to the company itself. Unlike other companies, Google focuses on doing a small number of advertisements but of high quality and yielding results. In addition, Google is fast than other search engines and aims to achieve democracy and always doing great. This business practice has seen Google rise to the best search engine since 1996. Moreover, the company has a philosophy that a person does not need to be at their desk in order to make money or to get an answer. Different types of online advertising are used today one of them being text ads. In this form, the adverts are displayed, as simple, text-based hyperlinks are known as Text Ads. This form of advertising does not include graphics or images. They are mostly found on non-search websites and can be served by separate websites or an issuer’s individual ad servers. Moreover, there are display advertisements, which are mostly available in many standards shapes and sizes. Such websites include posters, trailblazer boards, towers, huge boxes, and extra sized graphical ads. For Google to be successful in their display ads, it will try to win adverts away from advertising in the US television industry. The company will also require creative capabilities and relationships with large advertising agencies. Other areas that Google will have to venture in future is the mobile telephone advertising which has over 3 billion users (Kerin et al, 2010).

Sales Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Sales Management - Essay Example However, such a powerful sales campaign could only be launched successfully provided the members of team obtain respectable and considerable remunerations against the efforts they make while performing their professional obligations. In other words, if the members of sales team are offered a handsome salary package, along with incentives on the sales item they is expected to sell, there would be smile on their faces because of the financial satisfaction they gain in the wake of achieving their goals and targets. On the contrary, if the sales staff is offered low salary package, with no or least incentives on meeting with the targets, the sales staff would remain extremely worried, disturbed and dissatisfied, and hence will not be in a position to demonstrate his professional skills in an adequate manner. According to the motivation-hygiene theory of job satisfaction (1959), articulated by German-American psychologist Frederick Irving Herzberg, pertinently lays stress upon the fulfilm ent of the hygienic or financial needs of the staff in order to let them work under the state of great satisfactions. It not only help the company to make tremendous achievements, but also the sales staff will work more diligently for the progress of the organisation (Stello, 2009:5). On the contrary, lack of financial growth and denial of providing them with sufficient salary package, the sales personnel will undergo dissatisfaction, due to its being a negative motivation. Q1: It has pertinently be observed that sometimes the organisations earn great profits against the investments they have made; similarly, they also undergo losses or low profit margin, which force the management to introduce... According to the research findings sales department is rightly stated to be maintaining central place in every organisation of the world at large because of its imperative significance in the growth and development of the organisation. The researcher states that sales personnel that play front at the behalf of the company and they are actually the reflection of their workplace, where the society gets oriented with the company through their behavior, proficiencies and professional skills. Since every activity performed at corporate scale is made with the purpose of financial benefits and pecuniary gains in mind. Being one of the most dynamic parts of corporate organisations, sales staff also embarks upon the corporate venture for meeting their financial needs. Because of the crucial significance of the sales function, the sales manager occupies a key position in the management hierarchy of the sales organisation. This essay also looks into the exploring the ways for motivating the sales force, different methods are applied for increasing sales volume. Author claims, that one of the most important steps to be taken by the managers for motivating the sales force includes the fulfillment of their physiological needs, along with assuring them of the job security, social respect, and safeguarding the issues related to ego and self-actualizing. As a conclusion, the essay paper highlights, that the selling operation of a business firm does not exist in isolation and sales management has to work in a broader and newer environment.

Outline and evaluate psychological explanations for OCD Essay Example for Free

Outline and evaluate psychological explanations for OCD Essay The cognitive approach assumes that OCD is a consequence of faulty and irrational ways of thinking taken to an extreme. Patients with OCD have different thinking patterns and more intrusive thoughts. The cognitive explanation stresses that everyone has unwanted thoughts from time to time, but OCD sufferers cannot ignore these thoughts and they are often misinterpreted, leading to self-blame and the obsessive symptoms of OCD. So that the negative thoughts and concerns associated with a particular anxiety do not come to pass, compulsions arise in an attempt to ‘neutralise’ the anxiety. The sufferer becomes more wary of having intrusive thoughts and their fear of them increases. As these ideas are constantly thought about, they become obsessive and a pattern of ritualistic, repetitive behaviour begins. A strength of this theory is that there is supporting evidence. For example, Wegner found that a group of students asked not to think of a white bear were more likely to do so than a group allowed to think about it. Salkoius found that when asking participants to suppress thoughts and on other days not to, the participants kept a diary of more intrusive thoughts when they had to be suppressed these findings support the idea that a deliberate attempt to suppress thoughts leads to an increase in these thoughts; supporting the main ideas of the approach. This is a strength because the two studies have found similar findings and are therefore externally reliable. This makes the cognitive approach reliable as a whole because it can be checked and verified and the theory has sound foundations for further research. However, a weakness of this theory is that there are problems with the evidence. For example, Salkoius used self-report methodologies in order to measure the thoughts of the participants. This means that the results may have been subjected to social desirability bias. For example, the amount of intrusive thoughts may not have all been recorded in the diaries in order to please the experimenter; they may not want them to know how bad their symptoms are due to feelings of embarrassment. This is an issue because it means the study lacks internal validity; the intrusive thoughts in the diary are not caused solely by supressing them, but there are other extraneous variables such as embarrassment. We therefore cannot prove cause and effect to show that suppressing thoughts lead to symptoms in OCD, so there are other factors the cognitive approach needs to consider in order to offer a causal explanation. However, although there are issues with self-report methodologies, they can provide a greater insight into the participant’s thoughts and a greater level of detail. They are allowing the participants to describe their own experiences rather than inferring this from observing participants. It therefore provides access to a high level of quantitative data.

Pablo Neruda :: Poetry Poet Poems

Pablo Neruda Pablo Neruda, a quien llamamos en el escalafà ³n consular de Chile Ricardo Reyes, nos nacià ³ en la tierra de Parral, a medio llano central en el aà ±o 1904, al que siempre contaremos como de natividades verà ­dicas. La ciudad de Temuco lo tiene por suyo y alega el derecho de haberle dado las infancias que "imprimen carà ¡cter" en la crianza poà ©tica. Estudià ³ letras en nuestro Instituto Pedagà ³gico de Santiago y no se convencià ³n de la vocacià ³n docente, comà ºn en los chilenos. Algà ºn ministro que apenas sospechaba la cosa à ³ptima que hacà ­a, lo mandà ³ en misià ³n consular al Oriente a los veintitrà ©s aà ±os, poniendo mucha confianza en esta brava mocedad. Vivià ³ entre la India Holandesa y Ceilà ¡n y el Ocà ©ano Indico que es una zona muy especial de los Trà ³picos, tomà ³ cinco aà ±os de su juventud, trabajando su sensibilidad como lo hubiesen hecho veinte aà ±os. Posiblemente las influencias mayores caà ­das sobre su temperamento sean esas tierras oceà ¡nicas y super-cà ¡lidas y la literatura inglesa, que à ©l conoce y traduce con capacidad de prà ³cer. Antes de dejar Chile, su libro "Crepusculario" le habà ­a hecho cabeza de su generacià ³n. A su llegada de provinciano a la capital, à ©l encontrà ³ un grupo alerta, vuelto hacia la liberacià ³n de la poesà ­a por la reforma poà ©tica, de anchas consecuencias de Vicente Huidobro, el inventor del Creacionismo. La obra de los aà ±os siguientes de Neruda acaba de ser reunida por la editorial espaà ±ola Cruz y Raya en dos muy dignos volà ºmenes que se llaman "Residencia en la Tierra". La obra del capità ¡n de los jà ³venes ofrece, desde la cobertura, la gracia no pequeà ±a de un tà ­tulo agudo. "Residencia en la Tierra" darà ¡ todo gusto a los estudiosos presentà ¡ndoles una ligazà ³n de documentos donde seguir, anillo por anillo, el desarrollo del formidable poeta. Con una lealtad a sà ­ mismo y de entrega entera a los extraà ±os, à ©l ofrece en un orden escrupuloso, desde los poemas amorfos e iniciales de su segunda manera hasta la pulpa madura de los temas de la madera, el vino y el apio. Se llega por jalones lentos hasta las tres piezas ancladamente magistrales del trà ­o de materias. Recompensa cumplida: los poemas mencionados valen no sà ³lo por una obra individual; podrà ­an tambià ©n cumplir por la poesà ­a entera de un pueblo joven. Un espà ­ritu de las mà ¡s subida originalidad hace su camino buscando eso que llamamos "la expresià ³n" y el logro de una lengua poà ©tica personal. Rehusa las prà ³ximas, es decir, las nacionales: Pablo Neruda de esta obra no tiene relacià ³n alguna con la là ­rica chilena. Rehusa tambià ©n la mayor parte de los comercios extranjeros; algunos contactos con Blake, Whitman, Milosz, parecen coincidencias temperamentales. Pablo Neruda :: Poetry Poet Poems Pablo Neruda Pablo Neruda, a quien llamamos en el escalafà ³n consular de Chile Ricardo Reyes, nos nacià ³ en la tierra de Parral, a medio llano central en el aà ±o 1904, al que siempre contaremos como de natividades verà ­dicas. La ciudad de Temuco lo tiene por suyo y alega el derecho de haberle dado las infancias que "imprimen carà ¡cter" en la crianza poà ©tica. Estudià ³ letras en nuestro Instituto Pedagà ³gico de Santiago y no se convencià ³n de la vocacià ³n docente, comà ºn en los chilenos. Algà ºn ministro que apenas sospechaba la cosa à ³ptima que hacà ­a, lo mandà ³ en misià ³n consular al Oriente a los veintitrà ©s aà ±os, poniendo mucha confianza en esta brava mocedad. Vivià ³ entre la India Holandesa y Ceilà ¡n y el Ocà ©ano Indico que es una zona muy especial de los Trà ³picos, tomà ³ cinco aà ±os de su juventud, trabajando su sensibilidad como lo hubiesen hecho veinte aà ±os. Posiblemente las influencias mayores caà ­das sobre su temperamento sean esas tierras oceà ¡nicas y super-cà ¡lidas y la literatura inglesa, que à ©l conoce y traduce con capacidad de prà ³cer. Antes de dejar Chile, su libro "Crepusculario" le habà ­a hecho cabeza de su generacià ³n. A su llegada de provinciano a la capital, à ©l encontrà ³ un grupo alerta, vuelto hacia la liberacià ³n de la poesà ­a por la reforma poà ©tica, de anchas consecuencias de Vicente Huidobro, el inventor del Creacionismo. La obra de los aà ±os siguientes de Neruda acaba de ser reunida por la editorial espaà ±ola Cruz y Raya en dos muy dignos volà ºmenes que se llaman "Residencia en la Tierra". La obra del capità ¡n de los jà ³venes ofrece, desde la cobertura, la gracia no pequeà ±a de un tà ­tulo agudo. "Residencia en la Tierra" darà ¡ todo gusto a los estudiosos presentà ¡ndoles una ligazà ³n de documentos donde seguir, anillo por anillo, el desarrollo del formidable poeta. Con una lealtad a sà ­ mismo y de entrega entera a los extraà ±os, à ©l ofrece en un orden escrupuloso, desde los poemas amorfos e iniciales de su segunda manera hasta la pulpa madura de los temas de la madera, el vino y el apio. Se llega por jalones lentos hasta las tres piezas ancladamente magistrales del trà ­o de materias. Recompensa cumplida: los poemas mencionados valen no sà ³lo por una obra individual; podrà ­an tambià ©n cumplir por la poesà ­a entera de un pueblo joven. Un espà ­ritu de las mà ¡s subida originalidad hace su camino buscando eso que llamamos "la expresià ³n" y el logro de una lengua poà ©tica personal. Rehusa las prà ³ximas, es decir, las nacionales: Pablo Neruda de esta obra no tiene relacià ³n alguna con la là ­rica chilena. Rehusa tambià ©n la mayor parte de los comercios extranjeros; algunos contactos con Blake, Whitman, Milosz, parecen coincidencias temperamentales.